Retina
The retina plays a critical role in how you see, and when it’s affected by disease or injury, prompt care from a specialist is essential. At Kovach Eye Institute, our board-certified retina specialists diagnose and treat a full range of retinal conditions, from macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy to retinal tears and detachment. Using advanced diagnostic tools and surgical techniques, we offer personalized care to help protect your vision and preserve long-term eye health.
We proudly serve patients throughout Chicagoland, with offices in Elmhurst, Naperville, South Barrington, and Lincolnwood.
How the Retina Works
The retina is a thin layer of light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye. When light enters the eye, it passes through the lens and the vitreous — a clear, gel-like substance — before reaching the retina. There, specialized cells called photoreceptors convert light into electrical signals, which travel through the optic nerve to the brain and are interpreted as visual images.
At the center of the retina is the macula, a small but important area responsible for central vision. The macula allows us to see fine details, recognize faces, read, and perceive color. Because of its critical role in how we see, any damage to the retina or macula can significantly affect eye health and visual function.
Retinal Diseases and Conditions
Cystoid Macular Edema (CME)
Cystoid macular edema occurs when fluid collects in the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision. This buildup of fluid causes the macula to swell and form cyst-like spaces, which can lead to blurred or distorted vision. CME often develops after eye surgery, inflammation, or retinal vein occlusion. Treatment may include anti-inflammatory eye drops, steroid injections, or other therapies depending on the cause.
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Macular Edema
National Eye Institute
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Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is a diabetes-related eye disease that damages the small blood vessels in the retina. Over time, high blood sugar levels can cause these vessels to leak or close off, reducing oxygen supply to the retina and threatening vision. In advanced cases, abnormal new vessels may grow, leading to scarring or retinal detachment. Early detection through regular eye exams is key to managing the condition and preserving vision.
Flashes & Floaters
Flashes and floaters are common visual symptoms caused by changes in the vitreous, the gel-like substance that fills the eye. Floaters often appear as small specks or cobwebs drifting across your vision, while flashes can look like lightning streaks or flickers. While many floaters are harmless, sudden onset of flashes or a significant increase in floaters can indicate a retinal tear or detachment and should be evaluated promptly. Your eye doctor can determine whether treatment is needed.
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What are Floaters and Flashes?
American Academy of Ophthalmology
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Macular Degeneration
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive retinal condition that affects the macula, leading to central vision loss over time. It’s most common in adults over 50 and can occur in two forms: dry AMD and wet AMD. Dry AMD progresses slowly and may be managed with lifestyle changes and nutritional supplements, while wet AMD involves abnormal blood vessel growth and typically requires intravitreal injections. New therapies such as Valeda™ Light Therapy are emerging for certain cases of dry AMD.
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Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
National Eye Institute
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Macular Hole
A macular hole is a small break in the macula that can cause blurred and distorted central vision. It often develops gradually due to age-related changes in the vitreous but may also result from trauma or eye surgery. Patients may notice a central dark spot or a drop in visual function in one eye. Surgery, typically a vitrectomy, is often needed to close the hole and restore visual stability.
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Macular Hole
American Society of Retinal Specialists
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Macular Pucker
Macular pucker, also called an epiretinal membrane, occurs when a thin layer of scar tissue forms on the surface of the retina. This can cause the macula to wrinkle or contract, leading to blurred or wavy central vision. In mild cases, no treatment is necessary, but more advanced puckers may require surgical intervention to remove the membrane. Most patients experience improved visual symptoms after surgery.
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Macular Pucker
National Eye Institute
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5
Retinal Detachment
Retinal detachment is a medical emergency that occurs when the retina pulls away from the underlying tissue that provides oxygen and nutrients. This separation can lead to permanent vision loss if not treated quickly. Warning signs include flashes, floaters, or a curtain-like shadow over your vision. Treatment typically involves surgery, such as vitrectomy or scleral buckle, to reattach the retina.
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Retinal Detatchment
National Eye Institute
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Retinal Tear
A retinal tear occurs when the retina develops a small break, often due to traction from the vitreous pulling away. Left untreated, a tear can progress to a retinal detachment. Many retinal tears can be treated with in-office laser therapy or cryotherapy to seal the edges and prevent further damage. Early intervention is critical to preserving vision.
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Retinal Tears
American Society of Retinal Specialists
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Retinal Vein Occlusion
Retinal vein occlusion occurs when one of the veins that carries blood away from the retina becomes blocked. This can lead to fluid buildup, swelling, and bleeding within the retina, causing sudden or gradual vision changes. The condition is more common in people with high blood pressure, diabetes, or glaucoma. Treatment may involve intravitreal injections, laser therapy, or managing the underlying risk factors.
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Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
American Society of Retinal Specialists
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Uveitis
Uveitis is an inflammatory condition that affects the uvea — the middle layer of the eye — but it can also involve the retina and lead to vision-threatening complications if not properly managed. Causes may include autoimmune disorders, infections, or trauma, though in many cases the exact cause is unknown. Symptoms may include eye pain, light sensitivity, blurry vision, or floaters. Treatment often involves steroid eye drops or injections, and in more severe cases, systemic medications may be needed to reduce inflammation and protect your eye health.
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Uveitis
Mayo Clinic
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Vitreous Hemorrhage
A vitreous hemorrhage happens when blood leaks into the vitreous gel, often due to a retinal tear, trauma, or complications from diabetic retinopathy. Patients may notice sudden vision changes, such as dark floaters or cloudiness. Depending on the cause and severity, treatment may include observation, medication, or surgery to remove the blood and address the underlying issue. Prompt evaluation by a retina specialist is recommended.
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Vitreous Hemorrhage
Cleveland Clinical
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Retinal Treatments and Surgery
Intravitreal Injections
Intravitreal injections are used to deliver medications directly into the eye to treat conditions like wet macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vein occlusion. These medications, including anti-VEGF drugs, work by reducing swelling, slowing abnormal blood vessel growth, or preventing further damage to the retina. Injections are performed in-office and are typically part of a long-term treatment plan. Many patients receive injections on a monthly or bi-monthly schedule.
Steroid Injections
Steroid injections may be recommended for patients with macular edema, uveitis, or other inflammatory retinal conditions. These medications help reduce swelling and inflammation that can interfere with retinal function. Injections can be placed directly into or around the eye, depending on the condition being treated. Steroids are often used when other medications are not effective or well-tolerated.
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
Photodynamic therapy uses a combination of a light-sensitive drug and a special laser to treat abnormal blood vessels beneath the retina. The drug is activated by laser light to selectively target and close these vessels without harming surrounding tissue. PDT is most commonly used in certain cases of wet AMD or central serous chorioretinopathy. It is often combined with other treatments for better outcomes.
Retinal Laser Photocoagulation
Laser photocoagulation is used to seal leaking or abnormal blood vessels and to treat retinal tears, diabetic retinopathy, or areas of poor blood flow in the retina. The procedure uses precise laser energy to create small burns that help stabilize or prevent further damage. It is typically done in-office and may involve minimal recovery time. Laser treatment can slow disease progression but does not usually restore lost vision.
Scleral Buckle Surgery
Scleral buckle surgery is a traditional method for repairing a retinal detachment. During the procedure, a flexible silicone band is placed around the outside of the eye to gently push the wall of the eye against the detached retina. This helps the retina reattach and heal properly. Scleral buckles are often used in combination with other techniques like vitrectomy or laser treatment.
Vitrectomy
Vitrectomy is a surgical procedure that involves removing the vitreous gel from inside the eye to access the retina. It may be used to repair macular holes, remove scar tissue, clear a vitreous hemorrhage, or treat a retinal detachment. After removing the vitreous, the surgeon may use a gas bubble or silicone oil to support the retina as it heals. Recovery involves specific positioning and follow-up care based on the condition treated.
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What is Vitrectomy?
American Academy of Ophthalmology
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Valeda™ Light Therapy
Valeda™ Light Therapy is a non-invasive treatment for dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that uses photobiomodulation (PBM) to stimulate cellular activity in the retina. This FDA-authorized therapy applies specific wavelengths of light to reduce inflammation, improve mitochondrial function, and support retinal health. It is the first light-based treatment shown to improve visual outcomes for dry AMD in clinical trials. Valeda is currently available at Kovach Eye Institute.
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FDA Authorizes Light Therapy for Dry AMD
American Academy of Ophthalmology
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FAQs About Retina Conditions & Eye Health
Symptoms vary depending on the condition but may include flashes of light, new floaters, blurred or distorted vision, a dark spot in your central vision, or a sudden loss of vision. These changes can indicate anything from a retinal tear to macular degeneration. If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s important to see a retina specialist right away.
Not always. While some retinal conditions can affect vision permanently if left untreated, many are manageable when caught early. With prompt care — including medications, laser therapy, or surgery — it’s often possible to stabilize or even improve your vision and maintain long-term eye health.
Your ophthalmologist will use advanced imaging tools to examine the retina and surrounding structures. This may include optical coherence tomography (OCT), fluorescein angiography, or fundus photography. A dilated eye exam is also essential for identifying signs of disease or damage.
Most in-office treatments, such as intravitreal injections or laser procedures, involve minimal discomfort. Numbing drops are used to keep you comfortable during the procedure. Your doctor will explain what to expect and help ensure the process is as easy as possible.
This depends on your diagnosis. Some patients may only need occasional monitoring, while others with conditions like wet AMD or diabetic retinopathy may require monthly visits or injections. Your doctor will tailor a follow-up schedule based on your needs.
Yes. Valeda™ Light Therapy is a non-invasive treatment that uses specific wavelengths of light to support retinal cell function in patients with dry macular degeneration. It is FDA-authorized and has shown promising results in clinical trials. Not all patients are candidates, so your specialist will determine if it’s right for you.
Kovach Eye Institute offers comprehensive care for retinal diseases at our locations throughout the Chicago area, including Elmhurst, Naperville, South Barrington, and Lincolnwood. Our team includes skilled retina specialists who diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions using the latest medical and surgical technologies.
Contact Us
If you’re experiencing changes in your vision or have been diagnosed with a retinal condition, the team at Kovach Eye Institute is here to help. Our experienced retina specialists offer advanced diagnostics and treatment options — including in-office procedures and surgical care — at multiple locations across Chicagoland.
We welcome patients throughout the Chicago area and look forward to serving them in our offices, located in Elmhurst, Naperville, South Barrington, and Lincolnwood. Contact us today to schedule your consultation and take the next step toward protecting your vision.
1 National Eye Institute. Macular Edema. Available: https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/macular-edema. Accessed May 19, 2025.
2 American Academy of Ophthalmology. What are Floaters and Flashes? Available: https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-are-floaters-flashes. Accessed May 19, 2025.
3 National Eye Institute. Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Available: https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/age-related-macular-degeneration. Accessed May 19, 2025.
4 American Society of Retinal Specialists. Macular Hole. Available: https://www.asrs.org/patients/retinal-diseases/4/macular-hole. Accessed May 19, 2025.
5 National Eye Institute. Macular Pucker. Available: https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/macular-pucker. Accessed May 19, 2025.
6 National Eye Institute, Retinal Detachment. Available: https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/retinal-detachment. Accessed May 19, 2025.
7 American Society of Retinal Specialists. Retinal Tears. Available: https://www.asrs.org/patients/retinal-diseases/26/retinal-tears. Accessed May 19, 2025.
8 American Society of Retinal Specialists. Central Retinal Vein Occlusion. Available: https://www.asrs.org/patients/retinal-diseases/22/central-retinal-vein-occlusion. Accessed May 19, 2025.
9 Mayo Clinic. Uveitis. Available: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uveitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20378740. Accessed May 19, 2025.
10 Cleveland Clinic. Vitreous Hemorrhage. Available: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/vitreous-hemorrhage. Accessed May 19, 2025.
11 American Academy of Ophthalmology. What is Vitrectomy? Available: https://www.aao.org/eye-health/treatments/what-is-vitrectomy. Accessed May 19, 2025.
12 American Academy of Ophthalmology. FDA Authorizes Light Therapy for Dry AMD. Available: https://www.aao.org/eye-health/news/light-therapy-photobiomodulation-dry-amd-ga. Accessed May 19, 2025.
The doctors at Kovach Eye Institute have either authored or reviewed and approved this content.
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